The Christian missionaries saw education as a means of spreading the gospel, and gaining converts, and with the annexation of Hong Kong, many took the opportunity to establish schools in Hong Kong (Luk, 2000, p. Most of the Chinese in the colony at this time were single males who came from southern China, and there would have been relatively few children on the island at this time. The study demonstrates the important role of cultural context, speaker creativity, and sociolinguistic factors in the borrowing, integration, and innovative use of linguistic items. The items discussed in the thesis range from parts of words, specifically affixes, to individual words to longer structures, and contextual analysis shows that all of these have been used to achieve pragmatic effects. I take a broad view of what constitutes pragmatic borrowing: I not only investigate the borrowing and integration of discourse-pragmatic items that are transferred between the two languages, but also examine the pragmatic motivations for the borrowing of other lexical items and even grammatical units. I conduct a series of case studies on bi-directional pragmatic borrowing between English and Chinese, using a variety of data sources, which include dictionaries, corpora, social media data, and other online resources. This thesis particularly explores the pragmatic aspect of this language contact, examining items that are used to convey attitudinal or interpersonal meanings. Lexical exchanges between the two languages have been studied in previous research, and yet are mostly restricted to the lexical items themselves. Through centuries of cross-cultural communication, English has been enriched by elements from other languages around the world, including Chinese meanwhile, English has also exerted considerable influence on the Chinese language.
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